Conductive Structure and Method of Forming the Same

ABSTRACT

Conductive structures and method of manufacture thereof are disclosed. A barrier layer can line the first recess of a substrate. A first seed layer can be formed on the barrier layer and line a bottom of the first recess and partially line sidewalls of the recess. A first conductive material can partially fill the first recess to form a second recess. The top surface of the first conductive material can coincide with a vertical extent of the first seed layer and have a depression formed therein. A second seed layer can be formed on the barrier layer and line the second recess. A second conductive material can fill the second recess.

PRIORITY CLAIM AND CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/414,388, filed on Jan. 24, 2017, entitled “Conductive Structure and Method of Forming the Same,” which application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/333,961, filed on Jul. 17, 2014, entitled “Conductive Structure and Method of Forming the Same,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,564,359 issued on Feb. 7, 2017, which applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Semiconductor devices are used in a variety of electronic applications, such as, for example, personal computers, cell phones, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. Semiconductor devices are typically fabricated by sequentially depositing insulating or dielectric layers, conductive layers, and semiconductor layers of material over a semiconductor substrate, and patterning the various material layers using lithography to form circuit components and elements thereon.

The semiconductor industry continues to improve the integration density of various electronic components (e.g., transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc.) by continual reductions in minimum feature size, which allow more components to be integrated into a given area. Concurrently, conductive structures, such as, for example, contact plugs, that provide an electrical connection to and/or from the various electronic components have also experienced continual reductions in critical dimensions and minimum feature size. However, these reductions in critical dimensions and minimum feature size are often accompanied by an increase in contact resistance of the conductive structures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show methods of forming conductive structures, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H show a process flow illustrating some of the process steps of the methods shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4A to FIG. 4H show a process flow illustrating some of the process steps of a method of forming a conductive structure in a recess having an overhang, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5 shows a concentration profile of the conductive structure formed according to the process steps shown in FIG. 4A to FIG. 4H.

FIG. 6 shows a method of forming a conductive structure, in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

FIG. 1 shows a method 100 of forming a conductive structure (e.g. a contact plug), in accordance with one or more embodiments. The method 100 may include: providing a substrate having a recess formed therein, the recess lined with a first seed layer and partially filled with a first conductive material (in 102); removing a portion of the first seed layer free from the first conductive material to form an exposed surface of the recess (in 104); lining the exposed surface of the recess with a second seed layer (in 106); and filling the recess with a second conductive material, the second conductive material covering the first conductive material and the second seed layer (in 108).

FIG. 2 shows a method 200 of forming a conductive structure (e.g. a contact plug), in accordance with one or more embodiments. The method 200 may include: providing a substrate having a first recess and a second recess formed therein, wherein the first recess extends into the substrate by a first distance and the second recess extends into the substrate by a second distance smaller than the first distance (in 202); lining the first recess and the second recess with a first seed layer (in 204); exposing the first seed layer in the second recess and a portion of the first seed layer in the first recess proximate an opening of the first recess to a treatment plasma to form treated portions of the first seed layer (in 206); partially filling the first recess with a first conductive material, wherein the treated portions of the first seed layer are free from the first conductive material (in 208); removing the treated portions of the first seed layer to form exposed surfaces of the first recess and the second recess (in 210); lining the exposed surfaces of the first recess and the second recess with a second seed layer (in 212); and covering the second seed layer with a second conductive material, the second conductive material filling the first recess and the second recess (in 214).

FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H show a process flow illustrating some of the process steps of the method 100 shown in FIG. 1 and the method 200 shown in FIG. 2, in accordance with one or more embodiments. The process flow illustrated in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H may, for example, be carried out during manufacture of a conductive structure for contacting (e.g. electrically contacting) an underlying electrical element (e.g. via, conductive line or trace, etc.) and/or an underlying electronic component (e.g., transistor, diode, resistor, capacitor, etc.).

FIG. 3A shows a substrate 300 including a semiconductor substrate layer 302, an insulating layer 304, a first recess 306, a second recess 308, and a barrier layer 310. The semiconductor substrate layer 302 may include, or may consist of, an elementary semiconductor material (such as silicon or germanium); a compound semiconductor material (including silicon carbide, gallium arsenic, gallium phosphide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, and/or indium antimonide); an alloy semiconductor material (including SiGe, GaAsP, AlInAs, AlGaAs, GaInAs, GaInP, and/or GaInAsP); or combinations thereof. The semiconductor substrate layer 302 may include, or may be, a semiconductor on insulator (SOI) substrate. The SOI substrate may include a buried oxide (BOX) layer formed by a process such as separation by implanted oxygen (SIMOX), and/or other suitable processes. Further, the semiconductor substrate layer 302 may include an epitaxial layer (epi-layer) that may, for example, be strained for performance enhancement.

The semiconductor substrate layer 302 may include an electrical element and/or an electronic component (shown in phantom in FIG. 3A as reference number 303) formed therein or thereon. For example, the electrical element and/or electronic component 303 may be formed at or near a surface 302 a of the semiconductor substrate layer 302 facing the insulating layer 304. The electrical element may include, or may be, at least one of a via, a conductive line, a conductive trace, or the like, while the electronic component may include, or may be, at least one of a transistor, a diode, a resistor, a capacitor, or the like.

The insulating layer 304 may be disposed atop the surface 302 a of the semiconductor substrate layer 302. The insulating layer 304 may include, or may consist of, a dielectric material and may be an interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer. The dielectric material of the insulating layer 304 may include, or may be, a low-k dielectric material, for example, with a k value less than or equal to about 3.0, or even less than or equal to about 2.5. The insulating layer 304 may include, or may consist of, phosphosilicate glass (PSG), borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), fluorosilicate glass (FSG), SiO_(x)C_(y), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) oxide, spin-on-glass, spin-on-polymers, silicon carbon material, compounds thereof, composites thereof, combinations thereof, or the like. The insulating layer 304 may include one or more layers of insulating material. In other words, the insulating layer 304 may include, or may be, a single layer structure (e.g. including one layer of insulating material) or a multilayer structure (e.g. including two or more layers of insulating material). The insulating layer 304 may include one or more electrical elements (e.g. a via, a conductive line, a conductive trace, or the like) formed therein (not shown in FIG. 3A). The insulating layer 304 may be formed atop the semiconductor substrate layer 302 by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), a spin-on-dielectric process, combinations thereof, or the like.

After forming the insulating layer 304 atop the semiconductor substrate layer 302, a first trench 304 b and a second trench 304 c (which may be shallower than the first trench 304 b) may be formed in the insulating layer 304, e.g. by an etch process. The etch process may include, or may be, at least one of a wet etch process or a dry etch process (e.g. a plasma etch process). In forming the first trench 304 b and the second trench 304 c, a patterned etch mask (not illustrated in FIG. 3A) may first be formed over a portion of a surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304 facing away from the semiconductor substrate layer 302. The patterned etch mask may be formed by coating a masking material (e.g. a photoresist) over the surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304, and patterning the masking material to form the patterned etch mask. Patterning the masking material may include, or may consist of, a lithographic process (e.g. a photo-lithographic process). Thereafter, the etch process may be applied in cooperation with the patterned etch mask to form the first trench 304 b and the second trench 304 c in the insulating layer 304. The surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304 and surfaces of the newly formed first trench 304 b and second trench 304 c may be cleaned after the etch process. As an example, at least one of an inert gas sputtering process (e.g. argon sputter) or a plasma based cleaning process (e.g. a SiCoNi pre-clean process) may be used to clean the surfaces of the first trench 304 b, the second trench 304 c, and the insulating layer 304.

The barrier layer 310 may thereafter be formed over the cleaned surfaces of the first trench 304 b and the second trench 304 c as well as over the cleaned surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304. The surfaces of the barrier layer 310 in the first trench 304 b may define the surfaces of the first recess 306. Similarly, the surfaces of the barrier layer 310 in the second trench 304 c may define the surfaces of the second recess 308. The barrier layer 310 may prevent conductive material subsequently formed in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 from diffusing into the insulating layer 304.

The barrier layer 310 may be formed by at least one of PVD, CVD, ALD, or the like. Forming the barrier layer 310 may also include a thermal process (e.g. an annealing process), which may, as an example, be performed at a temperature in a range from about 400 degrees Celsius to about 650 degrees Celsius, e.g. in a range from about 450 degrees Celsius to about 600 degrees Celsius, although other temperature ranges may be possible as well.

The barrier layer 310 may have a thickness in the range from about 1 nanometer to about 20 nanometers, for example in the range from about 3 nanometers to about 15 nanometers, although other thickness may be possible as well. The barrier layer 310 may include, or may consist of, tantalum nitride (TaN), tantalum (Ta), ruthenium (Ru), combinations thereof, or the like. While these are the commonly considered materials, other barrier layer materials can also be used such as titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and chromium (Cr), as examples.

The barrier layer 310 may include one or more layers of barrier material. In other words, the barrier layer 310 may include, or may be, a single layer structure (e.g. including one layer of barrier material) or a multilayer structure (e.g. including two or more layers of barrier material). As an example, the barrier layer 310 may include a first layer (e.g. including Ti and having a thickness of, e.g., about 2 nanometers) proximate the insulating layer 304 and a second layer (e.g. including TiN and having a thickness of, e.g., about 2 nanometers) formed over the first layer.

A first width W1 of the first recess 306 may be measured as the widest lateral extent of the first recess 306. Similarly, a second width W2 of the second recess 308 may be measured as the widest lateral extent of the second recess 308. As an example, the first width W1 may be measured as the distance between opposing surfaces of the barrier layer 310 at an opening of the first recess 306, as shown in the example of FIG. 3A. A similar way of measuring the second width W2 is illustrated in the example of FIG. 3A. The first width W1 and the second width W2 may each be in a range from about 10 nanometers to about 100 nanometers, for example in a range from about 20 nanometers to about 50 nanometers, for example about 25 nanometers, although other values may be possible as well in accordance with other embodiments.

The first recess 306 may extend into the substrate 300 by a first distance D1 and the second recess 308 may extend into the substrate 300 by a second distance D2, which may be smaller than the first distance D1. The first distance D1 and the second distance D2 may, as an example, be referred to as a depth of the first recess 306 and a depth of the second recess 308, respectively. As shown in FIG. 3A, the first distance D1 may, for example, be measured as a distance (e.g. perpendicular distance) between a surface of the barrier layer 310 outside the first recess 306 and a surface of the barrier layer 310 at a floor of the first recess 306. A similar way of measuring the second distance D2 is illustrated in the example of FIG. 3A.

In the example shown in FIG. 3A, the first recess 306 extends fully through the insulating layer 304 of the substrate 300, while the second recess 308 extends partially through the insulating layer 304 of the substrate 300. However, in another embodiment, both the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 may extend partially through the insulating layer 304. The first distance D1 may be in the range from about 50 nanometers to about 300 nanometers, for example in the range from about 100 nanometers to about 200 nanometers, for example about 150 nanometers, although other values may be possible as well in accordance with other embodiments. The second distance D2 may be in the range from about 50 nanometers to about 100 nanometers, for example about 80 nanometers, although other values may be possible as well in accordance with other embodiments.

A conductive structure, e.g. a contact plug, may subsequently be formed in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308, e.g. to contact underlying electrical elements (e.g. vias, conductive lines or traces, etc.) and/or underlying electronic components (e.g., transistors, diodes, resistors, capacitors, etc.). FIG. 3B to FIG. 3H illustrates some of the process steps of forming a conductive structure in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 shown in FIG. 3A.

As shown in FIG. 3B, a first seed layer 312 may be formed in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308, lining the surfaces thereof. The first seed layer 312 is also formed over the barrier layer 310 disposed atop the surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304. The first seed layer 312 is a thin layer of conductive material that aids in the formation of a thicker layer during subsequent processing steps (e.g. in the formation of a first conductive material in the first recess 306, as shown in FIG. 3D). The first seed layer 312 may be formed by at least one of a pulsed nucleation layer (PNL) process or an ALD process, although other processes may be possible as well. The process for forming the first seed layer 312 may be performed at a temperature in a range from about 200 degrees Celsius to about 500 degrees Celsius, e.g. about 400 degrees Celsius. In an embodiment, the first seed layer 312 may include, or may consist of, tungsten. In other embodiments, other conductive materials may be possible, e.g. copper, titanium, tantalum, chromium, platinum, silver, gold, combinations thereof, or the like. The first seed layer 312 may have a thickness in a range from about 1 nanometer to about 5 nanometers (e.g. about 3 nanometers), although other thicknesses may be possible as well.

Thereafter, portions of the first seed layer 312 may be exposed to a treatment process 314 to form treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t, as shown in FIG. 3C. Portions of the first seed layer 312 not exposed to the treatment process 314 may be referred to as untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u. Treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t may include portions of the first seed layer 312 within the second recess 308, portions of the first seed layer 312 disposed over the surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304, and a portion of the first seed layer 312 within the first recess 306 proximate the opening of the first recess 306, as shown in the example of FIG. 3C.

The portions of the first seed layer 312 exposed to the treatment process 314 may depend at least in part on the geometry of the first recess 306 and the second recess 308. For example, the second recess 308 shown in FIG. 3C is shallower than the first recess 306. Accordingly, the treatment process 314 may be able to penetrate the entire second distance D2 of the second recess 308, thus treating all portions of the first seed layer 312 dispose in the second recess 308. On the other hand, the first recess 306 may extend deeper into the substrate 300. Accordingly, the treatment process 314 may penetrate only a portion (e.g. an upper portion) of the first recess 306, thus treating the portion of the first seed layer 312 within the first recess 306 proximate the opening of the first recess 306.

The treatment process 314 may inhibit or suppress growth, deposition, or nucleation of conductive material at the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t. This inhibition or suppression may be achieved by various mechanisms. In one mechanism, an activated species may passivate exposed portions of the first seed layer 312. For example, the activated species may be a treatment plasma. Stated in another way, the treatment process 314 may be a plasma treatment process. The treatment plasma may include, or may be, at least one of a nitrogen containing plasma, a hydrogen containing plasma, an oxygen containing plasma, or a hydrocarbon containing plasma. The degree to which the treatment process 314 inhibits growth, deposition, or nucleation of conductive material at the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t may depend, at least in part, on the composition of the treatment plasma. As an example, nitrogen may have a stronger inhibiting effect than hydrogen, and adjustment of the relative concentrations of nitrogen and hydrogen in the treatment plasma can vary the degree to which growth, deposition, or nucleation of conductive material is suppressed or inhibited at the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t. In an embodiment where the treatment plasma includes, or consists of, nitrogen (e.g. N₂), the treatment plasma may be flowed at a rate in a range from about 1 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) to about 20 sccm. In this embodiment, the treatment process 314 may performed at a temperature in a range from about 300 degrees Celsius to about 400 degrees Celsius and at a pressure ranging from about 0.6 Torrs to about 2 Torrs, although other temperatures and pressures may be possible as well. In another mechanism, inhibition may be achieved by a chemical reaction between an activated species and the exposed surfaces of the first seed layer 312. The chemical reaction may form a thin layer of a compound material (e.g. tungsten nitride or tungsten carbide). The activated species may be formed by plasma generation and/or exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as examples, and may include atomic species, radical species, and ionic species. In yet another mechanism, inhibition may be achieved by a surface effect such as adsorption that passivates the surface without forming a layer of a compound material.

The treatment process 314 also may have an effect of changing a phase of the material or materials in the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t. As an example, the first seed layer 312 shown in FIG. 3B may include, or may consist of, tungsten at a first phase known as alpha tungsten. After the treatment process 314 shown in FIG. 3C, the phase of the tungsten in the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t may be changed from the first phase (alpha tungsten) to a second phase known as beta tungsten. The phase of the tungsten in the untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u is unchanged and remains as alpha tungsten. The change in the phase of the tungsten at the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t may also result in a change in a resistivity of the tungsten. For example, alpha tungsten (in the untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u) has a resistivity in a range from about 5 micro-ohm centimeters to about 6 micro-ohm centimeters at about 300 Kelvin, while beta tungsten (in the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t) has a resistivity greater than about 40 micro-ohm centimeters at about 300 Kelvin. A conductive material that is subsequently formed in the substrate 300 may be preferentially or selectively formed over the untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u and not over the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t.

As shown in FIG. 3D, the first recess 306 may be partially filled with a first conductive material 316, which may include, or may consist of, similar materials as the first seed layer 312. The first conductive material 316 may cover the untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u. Since growth, deposition, or nucleation of conductive material is suppressed or inhibited at the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t, the first conductive material 316 is not formed over the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t. Accordingly, the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t may be free from the first conductive material 316. The first conductive material 316 may also be referred to as first bulk conductive material, which may have a lower resistivity than the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t.

The first conductive material 316 may be formed within the first recess 306 by a fill process. In an embodiment, the fill process may be at least one of a PVD process or a CVD process. The fill process may be a bottom-up fill process, which may be a consequence of the treatment process 314. For example, besides inhibiting formation of conductive material at the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t, the treatment process 314 (shown in FIG. 3C) may cause conductive material formed over the untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u to proceed as a bottom-up fill process as opposed to a conformal fill process. As applied to the example shown in FIG. 3D, in the bottom-up fill process, the first conductive material 316 may be initially formed at the floor of the first recess 306 as a thin layer which increases in thickness towards the opening of the first recess 306 until the untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u are covered by the first conductive material 316. This bottom-up fill process prevents gaps, voids, or seam holes from forming within the first conductive material 316, which are features often associated with a conformal fill process. The fill process may performed at a temperature in a range from about 300 degrees Celsius to about 450 degrees Celsius and at a pressure ranging from about 100 Torrs to about 500 Torrs (e.g. about 300 Torrs), although other temperatures and pressures may be possible as well.

As described above, even though the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t and the untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u may include, or may consist of, similar materials, a phase of the materials therein may be different. In the event that conductive material (e.g. a second seed layer) is formed over the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t, the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t may induce a change in a phase of the material of the conductive material (e.g. second seed layer). Specifically, the phase of the material of the conductive material may be changed from its original low resistivity phase to the high resistivity phase of the material in the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t. Therefore, retaining the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t can adversely affect a contact resistance of conductive structures formed in the substrate 300.

Consequently, as shown in FIG. 3E, the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t may be removed (e.g. by an etch process 320) to expose surfaces of the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 (e.g. to expose surfaces of the barrier layer 310, which define the surfaces of the first recess 306 and the second recess 308). In addition, a surface of the first conductive material 316 facing the opening of the first recess 306 may be etched by the etch process 320, thereby removing a portion of the first conductive material 316 proximate the opening of the first recess 306.

In an embodiment, the etch process 320 may be a dry etch process (e.g. a plasma etch process). An etchant used in the etch process 320 may include, or may consist of, a halogen containing etchant. The composition of the etchant may depend, at least in part, on the material or materials of the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t. For example, in an embodiment where the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t include, or consist of, tungsten (e.g. beta tungsten), the etchant used in the etch process 320 may be a fluorine containing etchant, e.g. a fluorine containing plasma (e.g. NF₃ plasma). The etchant used in the etch process 320 may be flowed at a rate in a range from about 50 sccm to about 200 sccm, although other flow rates may be possible as well. As a result of the etch process 320 shown in FIG. 3E, portions of the substrate 300 having high resistivity are removed.

As shown in FIG. 3F, a second seed layer 322 may be formed in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308, lining the exposed surfaces thereof. The second seed layer 322 is also formed atop the barrier layer 310 disposed over the surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304 and over the surface of the first conductive material 316 facing the opening of the first recess 306. Similar to the first seed layer 312, the second seed layer 322 is a thin layer of conductive material that aids in the formation of a thicker layer during subsequent processing steps (e.g. in the formation of a second conductive material in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308, as shown in FIG. 3G). The second seed layer 322 may include, or may consist of, similar materials as the first seed layer 312, and the materials of the second seed layer 322 may be at a low resistivity phase (e.g. alpha tungsten). The second seed layer 322 may have a thickness in a range from about 1 nanometer to about 8 nanometers (e.g. about 5 nanometers). The second seed layer 322 may be formed by similar processes as the first seed layer 312, although the process for forming the second seed layer 322 may be performed at a temperature greater than or equal to about 200 degrees Celsius, e.g. in a range from about 300 degrees Celsius to about 400 degrees Celsius and at a pressure in the range from about 2 Torrs to about 10 Torrs (e.g. about 5 Torrs).

As shown in FIG. 3G, the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 having the second seed layer 322 formed therein are overfilled will a second conductive material 324. In the example shown in FIG. 3G, the second conductive material 324 covers the first conductive material 316 and the second seed layer 322 within the first recess 306 and the second recess 308. In addition, the second conductive material 324 covers the second seed layer 322 disposed over the surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304. The second conductive material 324 may be formed by a bottom-up fill process or a conformal process. In the example where formation of the second conductive material 324 is a conformal process, gaps, voids, or seam hole are prevented from forming by virtue of the shallower depth in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 that needs to be filled with the second conductive material 324. The second conductive material 324 may include, or may consist of, similar materials as the first conductive material 316. The second conductive material 324 may also be referred to as second bulk conductive material, which may have a lower resistivity than the treated portions of the previously removed first seed layer 312 t.

The second conductive material 324 is subsequently planarized to form a planarized second conductive material 324′, as shown in FIG. 3H. The planarization may be performed by a chemical mechanical polish (CMP) process which may remove excess portions of the second conductive material 324 disposed outside the first recess 306 and the second recess 308. In addition to removing excess portions of the second conductive material 324, portions of the second seed layer 322 and the barrier layer 310 disposed outside the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 are also removed, as shown in the example of FIG. 3H.

Using the process steps shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H, a conductive structure (e.g. a contact plug, e.g. a source/drain contact plug) may be formed in each of the first recess 306 and the second recess 308. The conductive structure may contact (e.g. electrically contacting) an underlying electrical element (e.g. via, conductive line or trace, etc.) and/or an underlying electronic component (e.g., transistor, diode, resistor, capacitor, etc.) that may be formed in the semiconductor substrate layer 302 and/or the insulating layer 304.

Since the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 have different depths, the conductive structures formed therein have different critical dimensions and depths. Accordingly, the process steps shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H may be used to manufacture conductive structures of varying critical dimensions and depths. Furthermore, an effect provided by the process steps shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H is that gaps, voids, or seam holes are prevented from forming within the conductive structures formed in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308. In a conventional process flow, the second seed layer 322 may be formed over the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t and the second conductive material 324 may subsequently be formed over the second seed layer 322. However, in the process steps shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H, the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t is removed. By removing the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t, the volume that would have been occupied by the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t is now occupied by the second bulk conductive material having lower resistivity. Accordingly, the resistivity of the conductive structures formed in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308 is reduced. Even further, changes in phase of a conductive material from a low resistivity phase to a high resistivity phase are avoided by the removal of the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t, thus preventing any increase in the resistivity of the conductive structures formed in the first recess 306 and the second recess 308.

FIG. 4A to FIG. 4H show a process flow illustrating some of the process steps of the method 100 shown in FIG. 1 and the method 200 shown in FIG. 2, in accordance with one or more embodiments. FIG. 4A shows the substrate 300 including the semiconductor substrate layer 302, the insulating layer 304, the barrier layer 310 and a third recess 400. In comparison to the first recess 306 and the second recess 308, the third recess 400 may have an overhang 402 such that the barrier layer 310 is thicker near the opening of the third recess 400 than inside the third recess 400. Even so, the process steps for forming a conductive structure within the third recess 400 may proceed in a similar manner as described above in respect of FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H.

As shown in FIG. 4B, the first seed layer 312 may line the exposed surfaces of the barrier layer 310. As shown in FIG. 4C, portions of the first seed layer 312 may be exposed to the treatment process 314 to form treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t. Portions of the first seed layer 312 not exposed to the treatment process 314 may be referred to as untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u. Portions of the first seed layer 312 exposed to the treatment process 314 may include, or may be, portions of the first seed layer 312 disposed over the surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304 and portions of the first seed layer 312 disposed over the overhang 402. Portions of the first seed layer 312 on the angled sidewalls of the third recess 400 may be left untreated.

As shown in FIG. 4D, the first conductive material 316 may be formed in the third recess 400 over the untreated portions of the first seed layer 312 u. Despite the overhang 402, gaps, voids, or seam holes are prevented from forming in the first conductive material 316 due to the treatment process 314, which allows the filling of the third recess 400 to proceed in a bottom-up manner as described above.

As shown in FIG. 4E, the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t over the surface 304 a of the insulating layer 304 may be removed (e.g. by the etch process 320). Portions of the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t at the overhang 402 may likewise be removed. In addition, the etch process 320 may remove portions of the overhang 402, thus enlarging an opening of the third recess 400. This may have an advantageous effect of allowing easier deposition or formation of material within the third recess 400. For example, as shown in FIG. 4F, the second seed layer 322 may be more easily formed in the third recess 400 due to the enlarged opening of the third recess 400. The second seed layer 322 lines the exposed surfaces of the third recess 400, the surface of the first conductive material 316 facing the opening of the third recess 400, the overhang 402, and the barrier layer 310 disposed over the surface 304 a of the insulating layer.

As shown in FIG. 4G, the third recess 400 having the second seed layer 322 formed therein is overfilled will the second conductive material 324. In the example shown in FIG. 4G, the second conductive material 324 covers the first conductive material 316 and the second seed layer 322 within the third recess 400. In addition, the second conductive material 324 covers the second seed layer 322 disposed outside the third recess 400.

The second conductive material 324 is subsequently planarized to form the planarized second conductive material 324′, as shown in FIG. 4H. As described above, the planarization may be performed by a CMP process which may remove excess portions of the second conductive material 324 disposed outside third recess 400 as well as portions of the second seed layer 322 and the barrier layer 310 disposed outside the third recess 400. In doing so, a portion of the overhang 402 may be removed as well, as shown in FIG. 4H.

Using the process steps shown in FIG. 4A to FIG. 4H, a conductive structure (e.g. a contact plug) may be formed in the third recess 400 having the overhang 402. Similar to the process steps shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H, an effect provided by the process steps shown in FIG. 4A to FIG. 4H is that gaps, voids, or seam holes are prevented from forming within the conductive structures formed in the third recess 400. In a conventional process flow, the second seed layer 322 may be formed over the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t and the second conductive material 324 may subsequently be formed over the second seed layer 322. However, in the process steps shown in FIG. 4A to FIG. 4H, the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t is removed. By removing the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t, the volume that would have been occupied by the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t is now occupied by the second bulk conductive material having lower resistivity. Accordingly, the resistivity of the conductive structures formed in the third recess 400 is reduced. Even further, changes in phase of a conductive material from a low resistivity phase to a high resistivity phase are avoided by the removal of the treated portion of the first seed layer 312 t, thus preventing any increase in the resistivity of the conductive structures formed in the third recess 400.

FIG. 5 shows a concentration profile 500 taken along the line A-A′ shown in FIG. 4H. The concentration profile shows the variation in concentration of various materials as a function of position, with the position 0 micrometers shown in FIG. 5 being at point A and the position 0.1 micrometers shown in FIG. 5 being at point A′.

It may be observed that even with the application of the etch process 320 to remove the treated portions of the first seed layer 312 t, there are no excessive amounts of undesirable materials introduced into the conductive structure formed within the third recess 400 that may adversely affect conductivity and/or resistivity of the conductive structures. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, oxygen, argon and fluorine (shown in FIG. 5 as the group of curves 506) are present in the conductive structure formed in the third recess 400 in low concentrations (e.g. less than about 10 units). On the other hand, silicon (shown in FIG. 5 as the curve 502) and tungsten (shown in FIG. 5 as the curve 504) have relatively high concentrations in the third recess 400, as expected.

Based on the process flows shown in FIG. 3A to FIG. 3H and FIG. 4A to FIG. 4H, a method 600 of forming a conductive structure may be provided (shown in FIG. 6). As shown in FIG. 6, the method 600 may include: lining a trench formed in an insulating layer with a barrier layer to form a recess (in 602); lining the recess with a first seed layer (in 604); partially filling the recess with a first conductive material, wherein a portion of the first seed layer proximate an opening of the recess is free from the first conductive material (in 606); removing the portion of the first seed layer free from the first conductive material to form an exposed surface of the recess (in 608); lining the exposed surface of the recess with a second seed layer (in 610); and filling the recess with a second conductive material (in 612).

One embodiment is a structure including a substrate with a first recess formed therein. A barrier layer lines the first recess of the substrate. A first seed layer can be on the barrier layer and line a bottom of the first recess and partially line sidewalls of the recess. A first conductive material can partially fill the first recess to form a second recess. The top surface of the first conductive material can coincide with a vertical extent of the first seed layer. The top surface can have a depression formed therein. A second seed layer can be on the barrier layer and line the second recess. A second conductive material can fill the second recess.

One embodiment is a device including an insulating layer having a first recess and a second recess formed therein. The first recess can extend through the insulating layer to a substrate and the second recess can extend partially through the insulating layer. A barrier layer can line the first recess and the second recess. A first seed layer can be on the barrier layer and line a bottom of the first recess and partially line sidewalls of the first recess. The first seed layer does not line the second recess. A first conductive material can be made to partially fill the first recess to form a third recess. The first conductive material can cover the first seed layer. A second seed layer can be on the barrier layer and line the second recess and the third recess. A second conductive material can fill the second recess and the third recess.

One embodiment is a method which includes providing a substrate having a trench formed therein. A barrier layer can be formed in the trench. The barrier layer can be thicker at a top of the trench to form an overhang comprising barrier layer material. The trench can be lined with a first seed layer. The trench can be partially filled with a first conductive material. A portion of the first seed layer free from the first conductive material can be removed, leaving the barrier layer substantially intact to expose a surface of the barrier layer including the overhang.

According to various embodiments presented herein, a method of forming a conductive structure may be provided. The method may include: providing a substrate having a recess formed therein, the recess lined with a first seed layer and partially filled with a first conductive material; removing a portion of the first seed layer free from the first conductive material to form an exposed surface of the recess; lining the exposed surface of the recess with a second seed layer; and filling the recess with a second conductive material, the second conductive material covering the first conductive material and the second seed layer.

According to various embodiments presented herein, a method of forming a conductive structure may be provided. The method may include: providing a substrate having a first recess and a second recess formed therein, wherein the first recess extends into the substrate by a first distance and the second recess extends into the substrate by a second distance smaller than the first distance; lining the first recess and the second recess with a first seed layer; exposing the first seed layer in the second recess and a portion of the first seed layer in the first recess proximate an opening of the first recess to a treatment plasma to form treated portions of the first seed layer; partially filling the first recess with a first conductive material, wherein the treated portions of the first seed layer are free from the first conductive material; removing the treated portions of the first seed layer to form exposed surfaces of the first recess and the second recess; lining the exposed surfaces of the first recess and the second recess with a second seed layer; and covering the second seed layer with a second conductive material, the second conductive material filling the first recess and the second recess.

According to various embodiments presented herein, a method of forming a conductive structure may be provided. The method may include: lining a trench formed in an insulating layer with a barrier layer to form a recess; lining the recess with a first seed layer; partially filling the recess with a first conductive material, wherein a portion of the first seed layer proximate an opening of the recess is free from the first conductive material; removing the portion of the first seed layer free from the first conductive material to form an exposed surface of the recess; lining the exposed surface of the recess with a second seed layer; and filling the recess with a second conductive material.

One embodiment is a method including providing a substrate having a trench formed therein. A barrier layer is formed in the trench, where the barrier layer is thicker at a top of the trench to form an overhang including barrier layer material. The trench is lined with a first seed layer. The trench is partially filled with a first conductive material. A portion of the first seed layer free from the first conductive material is removed, where after removing the portion of the first seed layer, the overhang is exposed.

Another embodiment is a method including forming a trench in a substrate. A barrier layer is deposited in the trench, where the barrier layer forms a neck of barrier layer material at a top of the trench. The barrier layer is lined with a first seed layer. An upper portion of the first seed layer is treated with a first treatment, where the first treatment suppresses formation of conductive materials on the upper portion. A first fill is formed in the trench on a lower portion of the first seed layer, where the first fill includes a first conductive material, the first fill partially filling the trench. The upper portion of the first seed layer is removed to expose an upper portion of the barrier layer.

Another embodiment is a method including etching a trench in a substrate. The trench is lined with a first seed layer. An upper portion of the first seed layer is treated with a first treatment, where a lower portion of the first seed layer remains untreated. The trench is partially filled with a first conductive material on the lower portion of the first seed layer, where the first treatment causes the upper portion of the first seed layer to be substantially free of the first conductive material. The upper portion of the first seed layer is removed, where removing the upper portion removes portions of the first seed layer that have been treated.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: providing a substrate having a trench formed therein; forming a barrier layer in the trench, the barrier layer being thicker at a top of the trench to form an overhang comprising barrier layer material; lining the trench with a first seed layer; partially filling the trench with a first conductive material; and removing a portion of the first seed layer free from the first conductive material, wherein after removing the portion of the first seed layer, the overhang is exposed.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: after removing the portion of the first seed layer, lining the barrier layer with a second seed layer; and filling the trench with a second conductive material, the second conductive material covering the first conductive material and the second seed layer and laterally extending beyond a width of the trench.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising planarizing a top surface of the second conductive material, the planarizing removing the second conductive material extending beyond the width of the trench.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the portion of the first seed layer comprises forming a depression in a top surface of the first conductive material.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein removing the portion of the first seed layer comprises etching the portion of the first seed layer free from the first conductive material.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the etching comprises etching with a halogen or fluorine containing plasma etchant.
 7. A method, comprising: forming a trench in a substrate; depositing a barrier layer in the trench, the barrier layer forming a neck of barrier layer material at a top of the trench; lining the barrier layer with a first seed layer; treating an upper portion of the first seed layer with a first treatment, the first treatment suppressing formation of conductive materials on the upper portion; forming a first fill in the trench on a lower portion of the first seed layer, the first fill comprising a first conductive material, the first fill partially filling the trench; and removing the upper portion of the first seed layer to expose an upper portion of the barrier layer.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising: lining the upper portion of the barrier layer with a second seed layer; and forming a second fill on the second seed layer, the second fill filling the trench.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the second fill overfills the trench, the method further comprising planarizing a top surface of the second fill removing the overfill.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein treating the upper portion of the first seed layer comprises exposing the first seed layer to a nitrogen containing plasma, a hydrogen containing plasma, an oxygen containing plasma, or a hydrocarbon containing plasma.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein treating the upper portion of the first seed layer passivates the upper portion of the first seed layer.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein treating the upper portion comprises converting a phase of a first material of the first seed layer in the upper portion of the first seed layer from a first phase of the first material to a second phase of the first material, wherein after converting the upper portion, the lower portion of the first seed layer comprises the first phase of the first material.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein while forming the first conductive material in the trench on the lower portion of the first seed layer, the upper portion of the first seed layer is exposed to the first conductive material, and the treatment of the upper portion of the first seed layer prevents the first conductive material from substantially forming on the upper portion of the first seed layer.
 14. The method of claim 7, wherein removing the upper portion of the first seed layer further comprises forming a depression in a top surface of the first conductive material.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein removing the upper portion of the first seed layer comprises etching the upper portion with a halogen or fluorine containing plasma etchant.
 16. A method, comprising: etching a trench in a substrate; lining the trench with a first seed layer; treating an upper portion of the first seed layer with a first treatment, wherein a lower portion of the first seed layer remains untreated; partially filling the trench with a first conductive material on the lower portion of the first seed layer, wherein the first treatment causes the upper portion of the first seed layer to be substantially free of the first conductive material; and removing the upper portion of the first seed layer, wherein removing the upper portion removes portions of the first seed layer that have been treated.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: lining the trench and first conductive material with a second seed layer, the second seed layer having a material composition different from the first conductive material; filling the partially filled trench with a second conductive material, the second conductive material extending above a top surface of the substrate; and planarizing the trench with the top surface of the substrate.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein treating the upper portion of the first seed layer comprises exposing the first seed layer to a nitrogen containing plasma, a hydrogen containing plasma, an oxygen containing plasma, or a hydrocarbon containing plasma.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein treating the upper portion of the first seed layer passivates the upper portion of the first seed layer.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein treating the upper portion comprises converting a phase of a first material of the first seed layer in the upper portion of the first seed layer from a first phase of the first material to a second phase of the first material, wherein after converting the upper portion, the lower portion of the first seed layer comprises the first phase of the first material. 